It is generally accepted that classroom interaction can facilitate students’ language development and communicative competence (Yu, 2008). The most common proposition of the role of classroom interaction is its contribution to language development simply by providing target language practice opportunities. According to Allright (1984), it is the process whereby classroom language learning is managed. In the language classroom the process of negotiation involved in interaction is itself to be identified...
A CONFESSION
SEBUAH PENGAKUAN
Oh Tuhan aku bukanlah ahli surga
Juga tak mampu menahan siksa neraka
Kabulkan taubat ampuni dosa-dosaku
Hanyalah Engkau pengampun dosa hambaMu
Dosa-dosaku tak terhitung bagai debu
Ya Ilahi terimalah hamba taubatku
Sisa umurku berkurang setiap hari
Dosa-dosaku makin bertambah ya Ilahi
Hamba yang berdosa datang bersimpuh menyembahMu
Mengaku menyeru dan memohon ampunanMu
A CONFESSION
Oh my Lord I’m not deserved to be in Your heaven
Nor I can hold on Your torment in hell
Accepts my...
Diachronic and synchronic
Diachronic and synchronic, the first term refers to the study of language from time to time. The basic characteristic of language is dynamic, it means language constantly changes from time to time depend on the necessity of the language users.
Referring to the history of English, the transformation of English recorded by historian happened once. In the ancient time, we will find that English nowadays is very different than English that used at that time. The previous version of English sometime...
THE COMMON GROUND OF LINGUISTICS AND LITERATURES
Many branches of studies include the discussion of the relationship between form and function. In linguistics the note of form and function was first introduced by de Saussure considered as the founding father of modern linguistics. In presenting his ideas concerning linguistics, he tended to use dichotomies. There are six dichotomies granted by Saussure in describing linguistics:
1. Diachronic and Synchronic
2. Langue and Parole
3. signifian and Signifie
4. Form and Meaning
5.
6.
Literat...
Get up Young Ones!!!
Tertunduk lesu tak berdaya
Menanti hari yang tak kunjung tiba
Janji terkoyak oleh ketidakpastian
Semangat redup dalam kebosanan
Waktu terlewati dengan percuma
Detik terbuang dengan sia-sia
Sempat lewat begitu saja
Sesal diri pun tiada guna
Mencoba melawan setan dalam diri
Ku kutuk kelemahan yang menjangkiti
Ganyang lingkaran yang menghantui
Tuk bangkit dari keterpurukan abadi
Genderang perang bergema membahana
Ambisi bekobar membakar gelora api jiwa
Secercah harapan segarkan rapuh raga
Ku...
TRUTH CONDITION THEORY
Key issues:
What is sentence?
What is sentential semantics?
What is truth?
What is truth condition theory?
What is componential analysis?
Constative Sentence
Performative Sentence
Tarsky's (1933) postulate:
S is true, iff p Sentence is true if and only if P
S: sentence
p: a condition which can guarantee the truth of the sentence
e.g. "snow is white"
Componential analysis
Explaining the meaning of lexicon by presenting as many components as possible which construct totality...
Meaning Relations
1. Synonymy is a meaning relation which involves two or more expression having
the same interpretation. Synonymy will always mean
one of two or more words in the English language which have the same or very
nearly the same essential meaning.
Synonym: words which have the same meaning.
Three kinds of synonymy
True synonymy is a meaning relation which involves two or more sentences having the same exact meaning.
e.g.
"Uncle is a true synonymy of the brother of one’s father or mother,
or...
Definition of Semantics
Key issues:
Do you know what is the definition of language?
Do you know what are the language feature?
Do you know what is meaning?
Language:
Linguistics:
Semantics:
Lexical meaning
Lexical meaning is the meaning of a word in isolation. The term 'lexical meaning' is to be interpreted as the meaning of lexemes depends upon the meaning of the sentences in which they occur.
Lexical meaning covers among other things the discussion about
Ambiguity:
Synonymy:
Antonymy:
Hyponymy:
Polysemy:
Homophony:
and...
Politeness strategies
According to Brown and Levinson (1990) politeness strategies are developed in order to save the hearers' "face" Face refers to the respect that an individual has and maintenance that "self-esteem" in public or in private situations. Or simply we can say that 'face' refers to the image that a person projects in his social contacts with others. Usually you try to avoid embarrassing the other person, or making them feel uncomfortable. Since every participant in the social process has the...
Code Choice
Key terms:
• Diglossia
• Bilingualism
• Multilingualism
• Code-Switching,
• and Code Mixing
Diglossia vs. Digraphia
Charles Ferguson (1959)
“Situations where two varieties of the same language are used for different social functions”
Janet Holmes defines diglossia as having three crucial features:
1. In the same language, used in the same community, there are two distinct varieties. One is regarded as high (H) and the other low (L).
2. Each is used for distinct functions.
3. No one uses the...
Language, Dialect, and Varieties
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Key terms:
Language variations
Language
Dialect
Accent
Idiolect
Sociolect
Internal Variation: the property of languages having different ways of expressing the same meaning. Importantly, this refers to within language, not across language, differences. (Phones, words, sentences)
External Variation?
Always remember DIALECT is NOT synonymous with accent
Regional Dialect
What are Isogloss, Dialect boundary, and Dialect continuum?
Criterion of mutual intelligibility
Language...
What is Sociolinguistics?
Key Terms:
What is Sociology?
What is Linguistics?
What is the different between Sociolinguistics and. Sociology of Language?
What is Sociolinguistics concerned about?
Sociology: a study of the characteristics, behaviors, and developments of society. The branch of Social Science which studies about a society and its influences to the human life.
Who is August Comte?
Language:
Linguistics:
Who is Ferdinand De Saussure? (Structuralism)
Language
Langue
Parole
Sociolinguistics vs. Sociology of...
Definition of literature
Jean Paul Sartre: literature must be deal with “belles letters” (beautiful writing)
Therefore generally it is defined as the expression of beautiful thoughts and ideas in a beautiful language.
The point is that it appeals to the emotion and to the imagination, and gives the reader certain pleasure and satisfaction.
Literature is a vital record of what men have seen in life, what they have experienced of it, what they thought and felt about those aspects of it.
The functions of literature:
1....
THE YOUTH OF THE NATION (30 May 2010)
It seems that the term of politeness is no longer be held and noticed by the youth. This assumption arises along with the development of the youth who tend to glorify the ‘west’ culture instead of their own culture. They call the one who sustains the ‘east’ tradition with the term ‘old-fashioned’ and consider them as ‘unassociated’. This condition is indeed pathetic and apprehensive, for they are the next generation who will shoulder and determine the fate of this nation. Taking more responsibility...
Holocaust
The phenomenon of holocaust, nowadays, intensively spoken by the world, since, the president chosen of Islamic republic of Iran, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad often loudly proclaim it. The story of holocaust has strong relation to the existence of Israeli state, in which they got a piece of land in Palestine in 1945 after War world II from majority of European Countries as the compensation of that issue. The president tried to advocate Palestine people by requestioning the truth of it. According to him holocaust...
Anak kucing dan anjing betina
Alkisah, disebuah hutan belantara terjadi pertarungan sengit antara anak kucing dan anjing betina. Si betina mengklaim kalau si kucing telah menempati rumahnya sejak lama dan dia mau merebutnya kembali.
Anak kucing meronta tetapi tetap melawan sekuat tenaga, sementara si anjing betina dengan tanpa ampun menghujami tubuh si kucing dengan cakarnya.
Perkelahian yang tidak seimbang itu mengundang simpati warga rimba, namun seolah takut, mereka hanya melihat saja.
Beruang merah dan panda tetap di...
Go to Hell
I nsanity and brutality
S laughter the innocent with no mercy
R ape and crash the heart of justice savagely
A nnihilate the peace from its locality
E radicate the hope of living in harmony
L ong last endlessly
G o to the Middle East you will see
O n the sky burned by the vanity
T he hostility hand in hand with tyranny
O nly death body can speak with such fluency
H orror and terror seem soon will be over
E cho of liberty drops from heaven like morning dew
L abyrinth of monstrosity once will...
Malu
Ku lihat sang surya bertahta di singgasana megahnya.
Ku beranikan diri untuk bertanya,
Wahai sang surya,
Apakah kau membedakan atas pancaran sinarmu?
Lalu dia berkata,
Tidak, aku memberikan sinarku untuk menghangatkan jagad semesta.
Ku menengadah ke atas,
Ku lihat sang langit yang dengan anggun menyelimuti angkasa dengan sayapnya,
Lalu ku beranikan diri untuk bertanya,
Wahai langit,
Apakah kau membedakan atas bentangan sayapmu?
Dia berkata,
Tidak, lebaran sayapku menyelimuti semua yang ada didunia.
Aku...
MASALAH
Entah kata apa yang pantas,
Bangsat, anjing, setan, ataukah iblis untuk menyebutnya
Entah karna ajaran yang dianutnya ataukah memang sudah tabiatnya,
Keras kepala dan cenderung menghalalkan segala cara
Ketika ku duduk disini menulis sesuatu yang tak berarti pun
Dia dengan bengisnya menghujani maut di tanah yang katanya tempat para nabi- nabi
Menebar aroma kematian di tempat Al Aqso berdiri
Meluluhlantakkan bumi yang dianggap suci bagi tiga agama Illahi.
Sempat dalam hati ku bertanya
Tak berartikah...
GRAMMARIAN vs. DISCOURSE ANALYST
Debated issues
• Discourse analyst argued the grammarians only concern with abstract sentences and symbols symbolized meaning but ignore the important of context.
• Grammarians are too much preoccupied by well-formedness. Meanwhile, well-formedness of language sequences is not a sufficient principle.
Fact
The judgment of discourse analyst not all is true:
Discourse analyst will never be able to ignore the role of syntax and semantics in a discourse.
Why???
• The role of syntax in discourse analysis...
LINGUISTICS REVOLUTIONS
According to Thomas Kuhn, the revolution of knowledge occurs when the paradigm being utilized in an era can be denied by the occurrence of the new paradigm. In linguistics era, it was recorded when the structuralism paradigm, introduced by Ferdinand de Saussure , the founding father of structuralism, was contrasted by the occurrence of the new paradigm mentalism (GTG)which was first echoed by Noam Chomsky . According to structuralism, which strongly influenced by behaviorism paradigm,...
Selayang Pandang tentang Linguistik Sebuah Pendahuluan
Mungkin jika kita mendengar kata linguistik, muncul dibenak kita hal-hal yang menyeramkan dan sulit. Terbayang simbol-simbol aneh dan diagram-diagram yang gak jelas apa maksudnya. Anda mungkin pernah bertanya kenapa se para ilmuan kok repot-repot melakukan riset, yang seolah mempersulit diri sendiri, mengkaji tentang dan mencoba merumuskan sesuatu yang mungkin kita anggap remeh?. Kalau kita merenung sejenak memang alam ini adalah jutaan ato mungkin milyaran bahkan trilyunan data mentah yang tersedia...
