UEFA EURO Mascots from Time to Time

UEFA EURO 2012

Year: 2012

Host country: Poland and Ukraine 

Winner: Spain

The final: Spain vs. Italy

Mascot:

Slavek (Sławek) and Slavko

Once again Warner Bros. created the mascots. The twins represent two host nations, Poland and Ukraine. One twin wears Poland's national colours of red and white, the other the yellow and blue of Ukraine.

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UEFA EURO 2008 

Year: 2008

Host country: Austria-Switzerland

Winner: Spain

The final - 29/06/2008

Germany 0-1 Spain

Mascot:

Trix and Flix
A twin set of mascots two represent the two host countries, Austria and Switzerland. The Warner Bros. design was of two child like characters both dressed in football strips comprising solely red and white, the colours of the national flags of Austria and Switzerland.

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UEFA EURO 2004

Year: 2004

Host country: Portugal

Winner: Greece

The final - 04/07/2004

Portugal 0-1 Greece

Mascot:

Kinas

A cartoon version of a boy dressed in the Portugal football strip. The mascot's name, Kinas, is taken from "Bandeira das Quinas", which is a name for Portugal's national flag.

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UEFA EURO 2000

Year: 2000

Host country: Belgium-Netherlands

Winner: France

The final - 02/07/2000

France 2-1 Italy

Mascot:

Benelucky

A lion with a devil's tail and human hands. A lion appears on the crest of the Dutch national federation, and the Belgian national team is historically nicknamed "Red Devils". The name Benelucky, is a portmanteau of "Benelux", the term for the three nations of Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg, and the ending "-lucky" wishing the participating teams "good luck". It wore football boots and held a football under its left arm. One of the most striking characteristics of Benelucky was its multicoloured lions mane which incorporated the colours of both the Belgian and Dutch national flags.

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UEFA EURO 1996

Year: 1996

Host country: England

Winner: Germany

The final - 30/06/1996

Czech Republic 1-2 Germany

Mascot:

Goaliath

Goaliath was designed in a similar fashion to the original World Cup mascot from 1966 World Cup called World Cup Willie. Goliath comprised a lion, the image on the English football teams crest, dressed in an England football strip and football boots whilst holding a football under his right arm.

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UEFA EURO 1992

Year: 1992

Host country: Sweden

Winner: Denmark

The final - 26/06/1992

Denmark 2-0 Germany

Mascot:

Rabbit

The Swedish mascot was also a rabbit in the national colours with head and wristbands controlling a football like the mascot from four years previously and was called name of Rabbit.

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UEFA EURO 1988

Year: 1988

Host country: West Germany

Winner: Netherlands

The final - 25/06/1988

USSR 0-2 Netherlands

Mascot:

Berni

A cartoonised German Grey Rabbit with human shaped body. Berni wore an outfit in the colours of the German national flag with a black football jersey with UEFA across the front, red football shorts and yellow or golden socks additionally with white head and wristbands. Mostly depicted while jumping and controlling a football.

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UEFA EURO 1984

Year: 1984

Host country: France

Winner: France

The final - 27/06/1984

France 2-0 Spain

Mascot:

Péno

A white cockerel, a traditional national symbol of France, dressed in a French coloured football strip including football boots and white gloves.

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UEFA EURO 1980

Year: 1980

Host country: Italy

Winner: West Germany

The final - 22/06/1980

Belgium 1-2 West Germany

Mascot:

Pinocchio

Based on the character from the children's story of the same name. Pinocchio comprised a small wooden boy with long nose in the colours of the Italian national flag and a white hat emblazened with EUROPA 80 (http://www.wikipedia.org/)

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Cooperative Principles: The Hedging of Maxims

Hedging is any deliberately ambiguous statement or any equivocal statement. Grundy (2000) includes hedging among other mitigating devices in his politeness marker category ‘downgraders’. He calls there devices, hedges, play-downs, understaters, downtoner, or ‘minus’ comminters.

The hedges and intensifiers are more comment on the extent to which the speakers abiding by the maxims which guide our conversational contributions than a part of what is said or conveyed. It seems that when we talk, we not only convey messages, but also frequently like to tell each other how informative, well founded, relevant, and perspicuous these messages are. Speakers frequently use highly grammaticalized hedges and intensifiers to inform their addressees of the extent to which they are abiding by the maxims. These hedges and intensifiers show that the guiding principles for talk suggested by Grice really do exist and that speakers orient reflexively to these principles as they communicate.

Levinson (1985) states that the theory of conversational implicature is a theory of language in which language is viewed as a self-contained system of rules. He further argues that there are interesting relations between structure and function of the language. Thus, the English particles such as ‘well’, ‘oh’, ‘ah’ ‘so’, ‘anyway’, ‘actually’, ‘still’, ‘after all’, are the lexical items which at time refer to the notion of conversational implicature and are being described as “maxim hedges” indication how an utterance is preface in order o make up to cooperative expectation.

Moreover, in academic speech, hedging is most appropriately described as either (a) a lack of competence commitment to the truth value of an accompanying proposition, or (b) a desire not to express that commitment categorically.

Myers (1989) groups all linguistic devices under his categories of "negative politeness and hedging, focusing less on the description of the linguistic devices themselves than on their purpose or motivation. Further, hedging is a politeness strategy when it marks a claim or any other statement as being provisional, pending acceptance in the literature, acceptance by the community-in other words, acceptance by the listeners.  He goes to point out that hedging can be realized in any different linguistics forms, and gives examples of the use of condition statements, modifiers, verb choice, framing statement that indicates the weight a statement should have or the degree of doubt involved, and even statements of personal opinion.

Quality Hedges
Brown and Levinson (1990) state that quality hedges may suggest that the speaker is not taking full responsibilities for the truth of his utterances. For instance:
          think…
I         believe…
          assume…

Or alternatively they may stress S’s commitment to the truth of his utterances; in other words, they reflect the commitment of the writer to the quality of the proposition contained in the subsequent part of the statements and do not contribute truth value to the statements as a whole. Such as, I absolutely (deny/ promise/believe) that…, others take the opposite view and say…, The issue says…, It is quite right what people say…, Some people believe that…, So you can imagine even…, In this case..., etc. Or they may disclaim the assumption that the point of S’s assertion is to inform H, such as, As you know…, As it well known…, As you and I both know…, etc.

Quantity Hedges
Quantity hedges, we find archetypal examples in these English expressions, which give notice that not as much or not as precise information is provided as might be expected, such as: roughly, more or less, approximately, give or take a few, or so, I should think, I can’t tell you more than that it’s…, to some extent, all in all, in short, basically, so to speak, etc. the assertion of personal opinion show that the information tried to be conveyed is limited.

Relevance Hedges
In Relevance hedges, we note that because of sensitivity of topic changes as impositions on H’s face, such changes are often done off record. Hedges that mark the change, and perhaps partially apologize for it, include, by the way…, oh I know…, anyway…, this may not be relevant/ appropriate/ timely but…, I might mention at this point…, while I remember…, etc.

Manner Hedges
Finally, some common Manner hedges includes, what I meant was…, more clearly…, to put it more simply…, you see, yeah?, got it?, OK?, is that clear?, see?, etc.

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See also:
Grice's cooperative principle 
Cooperative Principle: Implicature
Cooperative Principle: Flouting Maxims
The Hedging of Maxims 

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World Tallest Tower: Tokyo Skytree

In the class of tower, Tokyo Skytree is considered as the tallest tower on earth, it has 634 meters  tall (2,080 feet), twice as tall as the Eiffel Tower, it is considered as the world's second-highest building after Dubai's Burj Khalifa which has 829.84 meters tall (2,722.57 feet), and it becomes the tallest structure in Japan in 2010 and the tallest tower in the world, displacing the Canton Tower (Guangzhou TV Tower), 450 meters (1,480 feet)  in March 2011.

Tokyo Skytree is located at Sumida, Tokyo, Japan which  is now open to the world to visit after almost 4 years of construction with 580000 workers costing a total of roughly 65 billion yen for the tower alone.

The construction of the tower actually finished on the 29th of February earlier this year after a two month delay due to the earthquake but it’s today on the 22nd of May that they have actually allowed people to enter.

Moreover, the main attractions are the two observation platforms at 350 meters (1,148 feet) and 450 meters (1,476 feet) as well as the restaurant with the best view of Tokyo, in fact, even better than Tokyo Tower which is only 333 meters (1,093 feet) and only served as an observation tower to the public.

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Bayern München and Allianz Arena

This Sunday (20/05/12) there will be a final match waited by all football lovers in this surface of the earth, yes it is the final battle of Champion League between Bayern München  vs. Chelsea in which in the quarter final succeeded to eliminate their rivals.  Bayern München  forced Real Madrid to surrender through penalty kick battle and Chelsea won from Barcelona.

Since its founding,  Bayern München has four times to feel the glory of lifting the trophy of Champion League, 1974, 1975, 1976, 2001, I wish it becomes five this year, and four times also as runner-up, 1982, 1987, 1999, 2010. In domestic,  It is best known for its professional football team, which plays in the Bundesliga, the top league of German football and is the most successful football club in Germany, having won 22 national titles and 15 cups.

Previously, the "home" of Bayern used to be Munich Olympic Stadium sharing with TSV 1860 München since 1972 and have played their home games at the Allianz Arena since the start of the 2005–06 season.

Moreover, Allianz Arena which becomes the "home" of Die Roten, the nickname of FC Bayern München,  and TSV 1860 München is one of the most spectacular stadiums in the world. The Allianz Arena is a football stadium in the north of Munich, Bavaria, Germany. It is the third biggest stadium in Germany after Signal Iduna Park in Dortmund and the Olympiastadion in Berlin. The capacity of this arena is able to accommodate 69,901 spectators. You can imagine how big it is. What makes this stadium so unique is that the façade is made from 2760 ETFE-foil cushions which are continuously inflated with dried air. Each cushion has its own illumination that can change from red to blue or white. When FC Bayern has a home match, the Arena is illuminated all in red, for the home matches of TSV 1860 all lights are blue, and for neutral matches the colour is white. If for instance the German national team is playing, the stadium will be illuminated all in white.

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Five Definitions of Deep Structure

1. Deep structure is the output of phrase structure rules
   We can not have deep structure if we don’t have phrase structure rules.

e.g.

2. Deep structure is the input of transformation rules. We can apply transformation rules if we have deep   structure.

3. Deep structure is the level of grammar which can explain adequately the concepts of subject, direct object and indirect object.

• Subject is a noun phrase which is directly dominated by category of sentence.
• Direct object is a noun phrase which is directly dominated by verb phrase
• Indirect object is a noun phrase which is directly dominated by prepositional phrase.

e.g.

4. Deep structure is the level where we can apply selectional restriction rules (rules that restrict the selection of lexicons in a sentence)

e.g. the grass devoured the elephant (it is impossible, how the grass can eat an elephant)

The rule is:

- animate + animate > subject

+ animate +animate < subject

e.g. The tiger devoured the goat. 

The ones who don’t follow the selectional restriction rules are the linguist, writers, author.

5. Deep structure is the level which can solve the problem of ambiguity.

e.g.
"The girl hits the man with an umbrella."

Tree diagram

Note:

• The meaning: the girl hits the man who brings an umbrella;
• The PP is directly dominated by NP.

Note:

• The meaning: the girl hits the man by using an umbrella;
• The PP is directly dominated by VP.

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See also:

Chomsky's Generative Linguistics: An Introduction

Linguistic Competence and Linguistic Performance

Deep Structure vs. Surface Structure

5 Definitions of Deep Structure

Phrase Structure Rules

Transformation Rules

Tree Diagram

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How to Make Menu and Sub-menu Tab

How to make menu and sub menu tab without jQuery? If you are interested in making menu and sub menu tab just like menu bar of this blog, or see demo, just do these following steps:

• Go to your dashboard => Template => choose Edit HTML => select proceed => check expand widget templates (above right side);

• Find this below  inside the box code (if you face difficulty in finding it just press F3 if your browser is Chrome or Ctrl+F for Firefox, and copy paste one of below codes, press enter); 

<div class='main-outer'> or <div id='main-wrapper'> or <div id='main'>

• Copy and paste these below code right before the above code;

<style> /* -- Menu Horizontal + Sub Menu-- */ #cat-nav {background:#000;margin:0 15px;padding:0;height:35px;} #cat-nav a { color:#eee; text-decoration:none; text-shadow: #033148 0px 1px 0px;border-right:1px solid #fffff;} #cat-nav a:hover { color:#fff; } #cat-nav li:hover { background:#787876; } #cat-nav a span { font-family:Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size:12px; font-style:normal; font-weight:400; color:#fff; text-shadow:none;} #cat-nav .nav-description { display:block; } #cat-nav a:hover span { color:#fff; } #secnav, #secnav ul { position:relative; z-index:100; margin:0; padding:0; list-style:none; line-height:1; background:#000; } #secnav a { font-family:Trebuchet MS, "Trebuchet MS",Helvetica,Jamrul,sans-serif; font-style:normal; font-weight:700; font-size:17px; display:block; z-index:100; padding:0 15px; line-height:35px; text-decoration:none;} #secnav li { float:left; width: auto; height:35px;} #secnav li ul { position: absolute; left: -999em; width: 200px; top:35px} #secnav li ul li { height:30px; border-top:1px solid #fff; } #secnav li ul li a { font-family:Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; width:180px; line-height:30px; padding:0 10px; font-size:12px; font-style:normal; font-weight:400; color:#eee; } #secnav li ul ul { margin: -30px 0 0 180px; } #secnav li:hover ul ul, #secnav li:hover ul ul ul, #secnav li.sfhover ul ul, #secnav li.sfhover ul ul ul { left:-999em; } #secnav li:hover ul, #secnav li li:hover ul, #secnav li li li:hover ul, #secnav li.sfhover ul, #secnav li li.sfhover ul, #secnav li li li.sfhover ul { left: auto; } #secnav li:hover,#secnav li.hover { position:static; } #cat-nav #secnav {width:100%;margin:0 auto;} </style> <br /> <div id="cat-nav"> <ul class="fl" id="secnav"> <li><a href="#YOUR LINK#">TITLE 1</a></li> <li><a href="#YOUR LINK#">TITLE 2</a> <ul id="sub-custom-nav"> <li><a href="#YOUR LINK#">SUB MENU TITLE 1</a></li> <li><a href="#YOUR LINK#">SUB MENU TITLE 2</a></li> <li><a href="#YOUR LINK#">SUB MENU TITLE 3</a></li> <li><a href="#YOUR LINK#">SUB MENU TITLE 4</a></li> <li><a href="#YOUR LINK#">SUB MENU TITLE 5</a></li> <li><a href="#YOUR LINK#">SUB MENU TITLE 6</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#YOUR LINK#">TITLE 3</a> <ul id="sub-custom-nav"> <li><a href="#YOUR LINK#">SUB MENU TITLE 1</a></li> <li><a href="#YOUR LINK#">SUB MENU TITLE 2</a></li> <li><a href="#YOUR LINK#">SUB MENU TITLE 3</a></li> <li><a href="#YOUR LINK#">SUB MENU TITLE 4</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#YOUR LINK#">TITLE 4</a> <ul id="sub-custom-nav"> <li><a href="#YOUR LINK#">SUB MENU TITLE 1</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#YOUR LINK#">TITLE 5</a></li> </ul> </div>

Note:
#cat-nav {background:#000;margin:0 1px;padding:0;height:35px;}	change the 000 with any kinds of color you desire for the background color.
#cat-nav li:hover { background:#787876; }	color when menu or sub menu is pointed
TITLE	change with title whatever you want
#YOUR LINK#	change with link whatever you want (page, posting, or label link, etc)

• That's it, save and enjoy;

• TITLE 1
• TITLE 2
  • SUB MENU TITLE 1
  • SUB MENU TITLE 2
  • SUB MENU TITLE 3
  • SUB MENU TITLE 4
  • SUB MENU TITLE 5
  • SUB MENU TITLE 6
• TITLE 3
  • SUB MENU TITLE 1
  • SUB MENU TITLE 2
  • SUB MENU TITLE 3
  • SUB MENU TITLE 4
• TITLE 4
  • SUB MENU TITLE 1

• If you've done it correctly, it will appear menu bar like this above look in your header.

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How to Make 3D Tag Cloud

One of widgets that can beautify your blog is Tag Cloud 3D. It makes your labels looks more beautiful with a 3D animation that can spin around. Just like, see demo.

If you're interested with this widget just do these following steps:

• Go to your dashboard => select layout => add a gadget => select labels => check cloud=> save;
• Go to your dashboard => select layout => add a gadget => select HTML/JavaScript;
• Copy and paste this following script into the  HTML/JavaScript box (leave the box title blank)

<left><h2 class="title"> Labels</h2> <div class="widget-content"> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/swfobject/2.2/swfobject.js"></script> <div id="wpcumuluscontent5733682"> <script type="text/javascript"> var flashvars = { tcolor: "0x000000", tcolor2: "0x000000", hicolor: "0xce1449", tspeed: "40", distr: "true", mode: "tags" }; var params = { allowScriptAccess: "always" }; params.wmode = "transparent"; x = document.getElementById("Label1").getElementsByTagName("a"); trans = document.getElementById("Label1").style.display="none"; var tagcloud; var url = "http://" + document.domain + "/search/label/"; for (var i = 0; i < x.length - 1; i++) { tagcloud = tagcloud + "<a href='"+encodeURIComponent(url + encodeURIComponent(x[i].innerHTML))+"' class='tag-link-24' title='15 topics' style='font-size: 15pt;'>"+x[i].innerHTML+"</a>"; } flashvars.tagcloud = "<tags>"+tagcloud+"</tags>"; swfobject.embedSWF("http://www.taiphanmem.org/wp-content/plugins/wp-cumulus/tagcloud.swf?r=2520752", "wpcumuluscontent5733682", "380", "250", "9", "expressInstall.swf", flashvars, params);</script></div> </div> </left>

Note:
hicolor: "0xce1449"        => color of text when it's pointed
tspeed: "40"                   => the speed of spinning
style='font-size: 15pt      => font size of text you want to display
wpcumuluscontent5733682", "380", "250" => the high and the wide of widget
you can change the red text as whatever you want

• Place the script exactly below label widget
• Save and enjoy.

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Alternative

• Go to your dashboard => template => edit HTML => proceed => check expand widget templates =>  
• Search this below code (use ctrl+f (Mozilla)/ F3 (Chrome) 

<b:section class='sidebar' id='sidebar' preferred='yes'>

• Copy this below code and paste exactly under the above code 

<b:widget id='Label99' locked='false' title='Labels' type='Label'> <b:includable id='main'> <b:if cond='data:title'> <h2> <data:title/></h2> </b:if> <div class='widget-content'> <script src='http://halotemplates.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-cumulus-example/swfobject.js' type='text/javascript'/> <div id='flashcontent'> Blogumulus by <a href='http://dhedie-tips-triks.blogspot.com'>Dhedy | Tips & Triks</a> and <a href='http://www.bloggerbuster.com'>Amanda Fazani</a></div> <script type='text/javascript'> var so=new SWFObject ("http://halotemplates.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-cumulus-example/tagcloud.swf", "tagcloud", "240", "300", "7", "#ffffff"); // uncomment next line to enable transparency //so.addParam("wmode", "transparent"); so.addVariable("tcolor", "0x333333"); so.addVariable("mode", "tags"); so.addVariable("distr", "true"); so.addVariable("tspeed", "100"); so.addVariable("tagcloud", "<tags><b:loop values='data:labels' var='label'><a expr:href='data:label.url' style='12'><data:label.name/></a></b:loop></tags>"); so.addParam("allowScriptAccess", "always"); so.write("flashcontent"); </script> <b:include name='quickedit'/> </div> </b:includable> </b:widget>

Note:

# Width = 240px
# Height = 300px
# Background = #ffffff white
# Text color = 0×333333 (gray)
# Font size = 12

• Save and enjoy

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Cooperative Principle: The Flouting of Maxims

The infringement of maxims which involves exploitation, that is, a procedure by which a maxim is flouted for the purpose of getting a conversational implicature, is usually carried out by means of indirect, contradictory utterances, or figure of speech such as irony, metaphor, overstatement, understatement, tautology, and hyperbole. Grundy (2000) states that whenever a maxim is flouted there must be an implicature to save the utterance from simply appearing to be a faulty contribution to a conversation.  Consider these four sentences examples taken from the previous post, Grice's Cooperative Principle:

(1)  A: What time is it?
      B: It's two a'clock, in fact it's four pass two, and now it's Sunday.

Maxim of quantity and its implicature occur when the speaker or the writer conveys messages that are not as informative as they are required or the information is too much and unnecessary. B flouts the maxim of quantity, since he gives too much information to A, while too much information can distract the listener. However, it is not very difficult to recover the implicature that B wants to show to A that he is a kind of "on time" person.

(2) A: What is the Capital City of Indonesia?
     B: I believe it's Bogor, or maybe Jakarta, Indonesia has wide territory. 

Maxim of quality and its implicature occur when your contribution one that is untrue or lack adequate evidence. B flouts the maxim of quality since he gives insincere answer for A's question. The implicature of this flouting maxim would be that B doesn't know exactly about Capital City of Indonesia.

(3) Mom: Have you done your homework?
     Son: My bicycle is broken mom. 

Maxim of relevance and its implicature arise when the speaker deviates from the particular topic being asked and discussed. The answer of the son is not answering the mother’s question. The son tries to direct his mother’s concern away from the question which he does not like. 

(4) It’s the taste

Maxims of manner and its implicature occur when the utterances are not brief, ambiguous, and obscure. Advertisements often flout the maxim of manner. The statement flouts maxim of manner because it is obscure. The utterances triggers an inference process in which the addressee looks for the likeliest that is relevant in the context that obtain – that the taste is good for people who favor Coca cola and bad for those who dislike it. 

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See also:
Grice's cooperative principle 
Cooperative Principle: Implicature
Cooperative Principle: Flouting Maxims
The Hedging of Maxims 

Read more »

Review: The Avengers (2012)

The various superheroes  Iron Man (Robert Downey Jr), Captain America (Chris Evans), Thor (Chris Hemsworth), Black Widow (Scarlett Johansson), Hawkeye (Jeremy Renner), Hulk (Mark Ruffalo) are all united in a 200 million dollar budget movie production of Marvel Studios and Walt Disney pictures processed lead by Joss Whedon, The Avengers.

Due to copyright reasons, some characters such as Quicksilver and the Scarlet Witch (Magneto twins), Doctor Doom and the Green Goblin (Spiderman enemy) were not included in the list. Although all of these characters belong to Marvel / Disney, the character X-Men and Fantastic Four have been licensed for Fox Studios, whereas Sony's Spider-Man license, long before The Avengers made.

The movie once again revolves around the power of Tesseract, blue cube constantly producing renewable energy, which comes from the planet Asgard, and sought after by those who want to have the power to control the world. And one of them, Loki (Tom Hiddlestone), escapes from the planet and intends to master the human race by controlling the Tesseract.

Meanwhile, peacekeeper agents of the Earth using a blindfold, Nick Fury (played by Samuel L. Jackson), must utilize the superhuman ability in order to prevent the occurrence of an intergalactic war.
You must watch it....

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Cooperative Principle: The Concept of Implicature

The concept of implicature was first introduced by Grice (1975) as the answer to the meaning concern which is unable to be covered by the ordinary semantics. It is insufficient to use semantics to uncover the meaning of utterances. The inappropriateness of understanding of meaning of utterances much influences the achievement of the communication purpose. The purpose of communication is in order the massage the speaker wants to convey is accepted appropriately by the hearer. To understand precisely what is meant by the speaker in uttering the utterances in a conversation, it is very important to understand the concept of implicature.

In conversation, the utterances produced by either the speaker or hearer has explicit and implicit meaning. Explicit meaning can be understood both by predicting the semantic meaning of the words within the conversation and by understanding the syntactic structure of the language used in the conversation. In the other hand, to understand the implicit meaning in a conversation, the rules of semantics and syntactic of the language is insufficient. Therefore, the concept of implicature was introduced. According to Brown and Yule (1983) implicature is used to calculate what is suggested and meant by the speaker as a different thing from what he actually said explicitly.

Furthermore, Grice (1975) states that there are two kinds of implicature, those are: conventional implicature and conversational implicature. The difference between them is that the former depends on something other than what is truth-conditional in the conversational use, or meaning, of particular form of expression, whereas the latter derives from a set of more general principles which regulate the proper conduct of conversation.
In order to have complete understanding about the difference between conventional and conversational implicature, pay attention to the following are examples:

(i) Mary got pregnant and John was pleased
(ii) Mary got pregnant but John was pleased.

The difference between the two utterances above is in the conjunction ‘and’ and ‘but’. In (i), the conjunction used is ‘and’, thus it means that the Mary’s pregnancy makes John happy or pleased. In the other hand, in (ii), the conjunction used is ‘but ‘, which shows contradiction, thus, it can mean that Mary’s pregnancy makes John unhappy or not pleased. By understanding the different meaning between conjunction ‘and’ and ‘but’ well, therefore, the meaning of the utterances in (i) and (ii) are clearly understood since the meaning of them is exactly the same with the meaning of structure of the utterances. The above case is called conventional implicature, it is resulted from the understanding of an utterance based on the structures form of the utterance.

Conversational implicature, on the other hand, has more various meanings since understanding the meaning of the utterance much depend on the context in which the utterance occurs. The conversational implicature arises as a result of the cooperative principle violence. A conversational implicature is, therefore, something which is implied in conversation, that is, something which is left implicit in actual language use. The example of conversational implicature as follows:

A: Has John arrived?
B: There is a red car in the garage.

B’s answer for A’s question has an implicature that John usually drives a red car; B has seen that there is a red car, which John usually drives, in the garage. Therefore, B concludes that John has arrived.

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See also:
Grice's cooperative principle 
Cooperative Principle: Implicature
Cooperative Principle: Flouting Maxims
The Hedging of Maxims 

Read more »

Google Electric Car

The petrol crisis experienced in world nations evokes serious problem needed to be solved immediately. This problem invites the attention of the scientist to take more serious concern in finding out an alternative energy to replace the patrol energy. The world governments are trying their best to save our planet and solve the petrol problem.

Meanwhile, Internet giant, Google has stated that their move to response and contribute to solve this problem by creating  an electric car. It is true that from the beginning itself Google has been a pro-environment company as their efforts have always shown that they want to improve the environment we live in. This “giant’s” movement has already begun  since 2007 by  giving policy to its employee to ride electric cars, by doing this it removes as much as 5,400 tonnes of CO2 every year.

This "giant" has invested 5.5 million dollars to develop a new electric car. Mainly, the project is called the Aptera Motors. Google is developing a two-seater car called Aptera 2e with hybrid or electric motor. It boosts to 140km/h at 10 seconds and the max distance you can go with it is 160km. It takes less that a liter of fuel per 100km. The Aptera 2e will hit California market this October and will cost around $30,000.

This new alternative automobile electrical based is expected to be a new life style in world wide community to decrease the suffer of our mother earth from polution and also to reduce the dependence of human to gas energy which is now become our primary concern. Here are some pictures of them:

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Teens' New Trend: K-Pop

Nowadays, the fever of K-pop has widen out around the world. K-pop refers to Korean pop which now becomes trend setter in many countries, especially in Asia. K-pop is a part of what is so called Hallyu, Korean wave, this term reflects the success of  pop culture of Korean globally spreads throughout the world. Generally, it triggers those many people in many countries to learn Korean language and its culture.

It is China which has big contribution in opening the door of global interest to Korean culture. In 1990 Korean series drama was broadcasted in China and soon after, it spreads out to other neighbor countries such as Hongkong, Vietnam, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippine, Japan, US, America Latin and Middle East.

Along with the acceptance of Korean drama by International public, Korean boy-band and girl-band also spread its wings through popularity and become new trend setter in teenager world. Their attractive dance and stylist costume become magnet to attract the teen to adopt their style, starting from their cloth, hair, to their dance.

This success, however, is not piece of cake to gain. The strong role of Korean government has significant influence to the great development of the Korean culture. This support is manifested by giving shield to filter the “attack” of the western entertainment industry in Korean domestic, by this it revives the domestic entertainment instead.

Korean government also encourages for those who want to be artists to study abroad, mainly to US and Europe, by giving scholarship. By doing this the Korean government expects that those who study abroad will be able to learn and adopt the modern art from those countries. This serious effort of Korean government nowadays has been fully paid. Now they are harvesting the seed that they sow. K-pop becomes the trend setter  through all over the world, and of course it also promotes their culture and language.

There are so many famous boy and girl bands who have accepted Internationally, such as these boy and girl bands below.

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Phrase Structure Rules

These rules refer to rules to generate a large number of sentences with only a small number of rules. Below are the Phrase Structure Rules:

(1). S => NP + VP (=>: can be written as)

(2) Noun Phrase

Note: The curly bracket indicates choices.

(3) Auxiliary => tense (modal)(have+en)(be+ing)
(4) Tense

(5) Verb

VP => V.int + 0 NP   (ket: Zero)

          V.Tr.+NP+(prep+NP)

 V.int. verb intransitive, V.tr verb transitive

Transitive become V have + NP
Transitive V seem + Adv

(6) preposition
PP=> Prep NP

....................................................................

See also:

Chomsky's Generative Linguistics: An Introduction

Linguistic Competence and Linguistic Performance

Deep Structure vs. Surface Structure

5 Definitions of Deep Structure

Phrase Structure Rules

Transformation Rules

Tree Diagram

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Living Barbie: Valeria Lukyanova

There is no doubt every woman in this Earth wants to look pretty and attractive. Being a fan of somebody inspiring is natural, but have you ever dreamed or wanted to be somebody you admire most? or have you ever met someone done so many things to copy their great figures they admire?  Sure you have, but how about if it is not person/ figure but doll? Have you ever found an extreme person who wants to be a Barbie doll look?

Surely you have known well about Barbie doll, the large wardrobe of the Barbie doll is reminiscent of the extensive wardrobes of fashion dolls popular in Europe in the late 19th century. However, while clothes designers in the past used fashion dolls to showcase their new creations, Barbie dolls, created in 1959, function mainly as toys.

Recently,  Valeria Lukyanova, 21 years old, is an internet sensation and has quickly gained popular throughout the internet. She is from Ukraine living in Russia. Her popularity stems from the fact that she might be the closest anyone’s has ever come to looking like a real-life Barbie Doll.

Valeria’s look is unreal, almost plastic. Her face is almost always expressionless, and her body proportions are very unusual having naturally tiny waist, huge chest and flowing platinum blonde hair. There are so many speculations that either she has done plastic surgery or photoshop helps her gain this look.

You may say she is a kind of "unhappy to be me thing", you may think she is freaky and scary, or you may say she is fantastic and pretty. Well, that's in your hand, you may consider her as anything you want to. Here are some pictures of hers.

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